Description:

template<typename TChar>
class alib::strings::TAString< TChar >

Specializes base class String to implement mutable character strings using writable and extendable buffer memory.

Construction:
Construction is described in Programmer's Manual, section 3.1.3 AString Construction.

Buffer Management:
There are two possible types of buffers:

Internal buffers
This is the standard case and implements a buffer that is allocated from free memory (aka 'the heap') that eventually grows over time and never shrinks, unless explicitly demanded by the user of the class. Those buffers are deleted when objects of this type are deleted.
External buffers
Set with overloaded method SetBuffer(TChar*, integer, integer, lang::Responsibility). External buffers are not managed by this class. However, if their capacity is exceeded, they will automatically become replaced by an internal buffer. Such replacement by default produces a ALib warning with debug builds. In situations that buffer replacement is accepted, warnings can be disabled with method DbgDisableBufferReplacementWarning.

Method SetBuffer provides a boolean parameter that also allows to let an object of this class take control on a buffer provided from outside. In this case, the buffer is considered an internal buffer, rather than an external one.

The default constructor creates a nulled AString which does not dispose about an allocated buffer, yet. Destruction will free the currently allocated buffer - if internal.

Copy/Move Constructor and Assignment
The class provides the minimum equipment to be usable as member type of standard containers like std::vector. This includes a copy and move constructor as well as a copy assignment operator. Nevertheless, this class is not guaranteed to perform well when used with container types and such use should be avoided if possible.
Outside of containers, the automatic C++ copy and move construction semantics should be avoided. For example, the move constructor, grabs the buffer of a given movable AString, as long as this given object does not use an external buffer. If it does, the contents of the movable object is copied like in the copy constructor.

Consequently, objects of this class should have a well defined scope and not be copied and moved like the lightweight string types. A move assignment operator is not given. The rationale for this design decision is that usually, a "more temporary" string would be assigned to a "less temporary" one. In this case, it would not be helpful to replace the already allocated storage of the assignee.

On the same token, besides the copy assignment, no other assignment operators are given. Instead, method Reset(const TAppendable&) is to be used to clear the existing buffer and insert new string content. This helps to distinguish AString variables from those of the lightweight string types as shown in the following snippet:

   string1= "Hello";       // Can't be an AString. Rather String, Substring or CString
   string2.Reset("World"); // Obviously an AString. The given string is copied!

Writing directly into the Buffer:
Parent class String holds its protected field buffer in an anonymous C++ union of two pointers, one typed const char* and the other char*. This class exposes the non-constant buffer pointer of that union with method VBuffer. This allows users of this class to freely operate on the buffer. Of-course, it is up to the programmer that the integrity of the instance is kept intact and that also the Capacity of the buffer must not be exceeded. In the case that the string's length is changed, method SetLength needs to be used to notify such change with the AString object. The latter of-course is invokable only on mutable objects, while method VBuffer is declared const.

In addition to this, a bunch of methods allow the modification of single characters. operator[] is extended by a non-const version that returns a reference to a character instead of just the character value.

Appending Objects to AStrings:
This class is used to provide a global concept of having a sort of "ToString" method with any C++ class. For this, the class provides method Append, which uses template meta programming to accept types with a corresponding specialization of functor T_Append .

The concept is described in detail with chapter 5.1 Appending Custom Types of this module's Programmer's Manual.

Template Parameters

TChar The character type.
Alias names for specializations of this class using character types character , nchar , wchar , xchar , complementChar and strangeChar are provided in namespace alib with type definitions AString , NAString , WAString , XAString , ComplementAString and StrangeAString .

Definition at line 37 of file strings/fwds.hpp.

#include <astring.hpp>

Inheritance diagram for TAString< TChar >:

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Collaboration diagram for TAString< TChar >:

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Public Method Index:
Constructors, Destructor and Assignment
############################################################################################ #############################################################################################
constexpr	TAString ()

	TAString (const TAString &copy)

	TAString (TAString &&move) noexcept

template<class TAppendable >
	TAString (const TAppendable &src)

	~TAString () noexcept

template<typename TCharArray >
	operator TCharArray () const

template<typename TCharArray >
	operator TCharArray () const

TAString &	operator= (const TAString &copy)

Memory allocation and buffer access
############################################################################################ #############################################################################################
ALIB_API void	SetBuffer (integer newCapacity)

ALIB_API void	SetBuffer (TChar *extBuffer, integer extBufferSize, integer extLength=0, lang::Responsibility responsibility=lang::Responsibility::KeepWithSender)

void	EnsureRemainingCapacity (integer spaceNeeded)

void	GrowBufferAtLeastBy (integer minimumGrowth)

integer	Capacity () const

bool	HasInternalBuffer () const

void	SetNull ()

const TChar *	Terminate () const

Writable Buffer Access
############################################################################################ #############################################################################################
TChar *	VBuffer () const

template<bool TCheck = true>
void	SetCharAt (integer idx, TChar c)

TChar &	operator[] (integer idx)

void	SetLength (integer newLength)

void	DetectLength ()

TAString &	ShortenTo (integer newLength)

Appending Strings
############################################################################################ #############################################################################################
template<bool TCheck = true, typename TCharSrc >
TAString &	Append (const TCharSrc *src, integer srcLength)

template<bool TCheck = true>
TAString &	Append (const TChar *src, integer srcLength)

template<bool TCheck = true>
TAString &	Append (const TString< TChar > &src, integer regionStart, integer regionLength=MAX_LEN)

template<bool TCheck = true>
TAString &	_ (const TString< TChar > &src, integer regionStart, integer regionLength=MAX_LEN)

TAString &	NewLine ()

template<bool TCheck = true, typename TAppendable >
TAString &	Append (const TAppendable &src)

template<bool TCheck = true, class TAppendable >
TAString &	_ (const TAppendable &src)

template<class TAppendable >
TAString &	operator<< (const TAppendable &src)

Insert and Delete
############################################################################################ #############################################################################################
TAString &	Reset ()

template<bool TCheck = true, typename TAppendable >
TAString &	Reset (const TAppendable &src)

TAString &	_ ()

template<bool TCheck = true>
TAString &	InsertAt (const TString< TChar > &src, integer pos)

template<bool TCheck = true>
TAString &	InsertChars (TChar c, integer qty)

template<bool TCheck = true>
TAString &	InsertChars (TChar c, integer qty, integer pos)

template<bool TCheck = true>
TAString &	Delete (integer regionStart, integer regionLength=MAX_LEN)

template<bool TCheck = true>
TAString &	DeleteStart (integer regionLength)

template<bool TCheck = true>
TAString &	DeleteEnd (integer regionLength)

ALIB_API TAString &	Trim (const TCString< TChar > &trimChars=TT_StringConstants< TChar >::DefaultWhitespaces())

ALIB_API integer	TrimAt (integer idx, const TCString< TChar > &trimChars=TT_StringConstants< TChar >::DefaultWhitespaces())

TAString &	TrimStart (const TCString< TChar > &trimChars=TT_StringConstants< TChar >::DefaultWhitespaces())

TAString &	TrimEnd (const TCString< TChar > &trimChars=TT_StringConstants< TChar >::DefaultWhitespaces())

Replace
############################################################################################ #############################################################################################
template<bool TCheck = true>
TAString &	ReplaceSubstring (const TString< TChar > &src, integer regionStart, integer regionLength)

template<bool TCheck = true>
TAString &	ReplaceRegion (TChar c, integer regionStart, integer regionLength)

ALIB_API integer	SearchAndReplace (TChar needle, TChar replacement, integer startIdx=0)

ALIB_API integer	SearchAndReplace (const TString< TChar > &needle, const TString< TChar > &replacement, integer startIdx=0, integer maxReplacements=MAX_LEN, lang::Case sensitivity=lang::Case::Sensitive)

template<bool TCheck = true>
TAString &	ToUpper (integer regionStart=0, integer regionLength=MAX_LEN)

template<bool TCheck = true>
TAString &	ToLower (integer regionStart=0, integer regionLength=MAX_LEN)

template<bool TCheck = true>
TAString &	Reverse (integer regionStart=0, integer regionLength=MAX_LEN)

Public Method Index: inherited from TString< TChar >
constexpr	TString () noexcept=default

constexpr	TString (const TString &) noexcept=default

constexpr	TString (TString &&) noexcept=default

TString &	operator= (const TString &) noexcept=default

TString &	operator= (TString &&) noexcept=default

constexpr	TString (const TChar *pBuffer, integer pLength) noexcept

template<typename TCharArray >
constexpr	TString (const TCharArray &src)

template<typename TCharArray >
	operator TCharArray () const

template<typename TCharArray >
	operator TCharArray () const

template<bool TCheck = true>
TString< TChar >	Substring (integer regionStart, integer regionLength=MAX_LEN) const

constexpr const TChar *	Buffer () const

constexpr integer	Length () const

integer	WStringLength () const

constexpr bool	IsNull () const

constexpr bool	IsNotNull () const

constexpr bool	IsEmpty () const

constexpr bool	IsNotEmpty () const

template<bool TCheck = true>
TChar	CharAt (integer idx) const

template<bool TCheck = true>
TChar	CharAtStart () const

template<bool TCheck = true>
TChar	CharAtEnd () const

TChar	operator[] (integer idx) const

std::size_t	Hashcode () const

std::size_t	HashcodeIgnoreCase () const

template<bool TCheck = true, lang::Case TSensitivity = lang::Case::Sensitive>
bool	Equals (const TString< TChar > &rhs) const

template<bool TCheck = true, lang::Case TSensitivity = lang::Case::Sensitive>
int	CompareTo (const TString< TChar > &rhs) const

template<bool TCheck = true, lang::Case TSensitivity = lang::Case::Sensitive>
int	CompareTo (const TString &rhs, integer rhsRegionStart, integer rhsRegionLength=MAX_LEN) const

template<bool TCheck = true, lang::Case TSensitivity = lang::Case::Sensitive>
int	CompareTo (const TString &rhs, integer rhsRegionStart, integer rhsRegionLength, integer regionStart, integer regionLength=MAX_LEN) const

template<bool TCheck = true, lang::Case TSensitivity = lang::Case::Sensitive>
bool	ContainsAt (const TString &needle, integer pos) const

template<bool TCheck = true, lang::Case TSensitivity = lang::Case::Sensitive>
bool	StartsWith (const TString &needle) const

template<bool TCheck = true, lang::Case TSensitivity = lang::Case::Sensitive>
bool	EndsWith (const TString &needle) const

template<bool TCheck = true>
integer	IndexOf (TChar needle, integer startIdx=0) const

template<bool TCheck = true>
integer	IndexOf (TChar needle, integer regionStart, integer regionLength) const

integer	IndexOfOrLength (TChar needle) const

template<bool TCheck = true>
ALIB_WARNINGS_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFER_USAGE integer	IndexOfOrLength (TChar needle, integer startIdx) const

template<bool TCheck = true>
ALIB_WARNINGS_RESTORE integer	LastIndexOf (TChar needle, integer startIndex=MAX_LEN) const

template<lang::Inclusion TInclusion, bool TCheck = true>
integer	IndexOfAny (const TString &needles, integer startIdx=0) const

template<lang::Inclusion TInclusion, bool TCheck = true>
integer	LastIndexOfAny (const TString &needles, integer startIdx=MAX_LEN) const

template<bool TCheck = true, lang::Case TSensitivity = lang::Case::Sensitive>
integer	IndexOf (const TString &needle, integer startIdx=0) const

template<bool TCheck = true>
integer	IndexOfFirstDifference (const TString &needle, lang::Case sensitivity=lang::Case::Sensitive, integer idx=0) const

integer	IndexOfSegmentEnd (TChar opener, TChar closer, integer idx) const

template<bool TCheck = true>
integer	CountChar (TChar needle, integer startPos=0) const

template<bool TCheck = true>
integer	CountChar (TChar needle, TChar omit, integer startPos) const

template<bool TCheck = true, lang::Case TSensitivity = lang::Case::Sensitive>
integer	Count (const TString &needle, integer startPos=0) const

template<bool TCheck = true, lang::Case TSensitivity = lang::Case::Sensitive>
integer	Count (const TString &needle, const TString &omit, integer startPos=0) const

ALIB_API uint64_t	ParseDecDigits (integer startIdx=0, integer *newIdx=nullptr) const

ALIB_API int64_t	ParseInt (integer startIdx=0, TNumberFormat< TChar > numberFormat=nullptr, integer newIdx=nullptr) const

int64_t	ParseInt (TNumberFormat< TChar > numberFormat, integer newIdx=nullptr) const

int64_t	ParseInt (integer *newIdx) const

int64_t	ParseInt (integer startIdx, integer *newIdx) const

ALIB_API uint64_t	ParseDec (integer startIdx=0, TNumberFormat< TChar > numberFormat=nullptr, integer newIdx=nullptr) const

uint64_t	ParseDec (TNumberFormat< TChar > numberFormat, integer newIdx=nullptr) const

uint64_t	ParseDec (integer *newIdx) const

uint64_t	ParseDec (integer startIdx, integer *newIdx) const

ALIB_API uint64_t	ParseBin (integer startIdx=0, TNumberFormat< TChar > numberFormat=nullptr, integer newIdx=nullptr) const

uint64_t	ParseBin (TNumberFormat< TChar > numberFormat, integer newIdx=nullptr) const

uint64_t	ParseBin (integer *newIdx) const

uint64_t	ParseBin (integer startIdx, integer *newIdx) const

ALIB_API uint64_t	ParseHex (integer startIdx=0, TNumberFormat< TChar > numberFormat=nullptr, integer newIdx=nullptr) const

uint64_t	ParseHex (TNumberFormat< TChar > numberFormat, integer newIdx=nullptr) const

uint64_t	ParseHex (integer *newIdx) const

uint64_t	ParseHex (integer startIdx, integer *newIdx) const

ALIB_API uint64_t	ParseOct (integer startIdx=0, TNumberFormat< TChar > numberFormat=nullptr, integer newIdx=nullptr) const

uint64_t	ParseOct (TNumberFormat< TChar > numberFormat, integer newIdx=nullptr) const

uint64_t	ParseOct (integer *newIdx) const

uint64_t	ParseOct (integer startIdx, integer *newIdx) const

ALIB_API double	ParseFloat (integer startIdx=0, TNumberFormat< TChar > numberFormat=nullptr, integer newIdx=nullptr) const

double	ParseFloat (TNumberFormat< TChar > numberFormat, integer newIdx=nullptr) const

double	ParseFloat (integer *newIdx) const

double	ParseFloat (integer startIdx, integer *newIdx) const

integer	CopyTo (TChar *dest) const

bool	AdjustRegion (integer &regionStart, integer &regionLength) const

ConstIterator	begin () const

ConstIterator	cbegin () const

ALIB_WARNINGS_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFER_USAGE ConstIterator	end () const

ConstIterator	cend () const

ALIB_WARNINGS_RESTORE ConstReverseIterator	rbegin () const

ConstReverseIterator	rend () const

ConstReverseIterator	crbegin () const

ConstReverseIterator	crend () const

	TString (ConstIterator &start, ConstIterator &end)

Additional Inherited Members
Public Type Index: inherited from TString< TChar >
using	CharType = TChar

using	ConstIterator = TRandomAccessIterator<const TChar>

using	ConstReverseIterator = std::reverse_iterator<ConstIterator>

Type Definition Details:

◆ Iterator

template<typename TChar >

using Iterator = typename TString<TChar>::template TRandomAccessIterator<TChar>

A std::iterator_traits type, implementing the standard library concept of RandomAccessIterator . While parent class String provides a constant iterator only, this class exposes an iterator that allows the modification of the character an iterator references.

Definition at line 1938 of file astring.hpp.

◆ ReverseIterator

template<typename TChar >

using ReverseIterator = std::reverse_iterator<Iterator>

Same as Iterator, but working from the end to the start of the string.

Definition at line 1941 of file astring.hpp.

Field Details:

◆ capacity

template<typename TChar >

integer capacity

protected

The current size of the buffer excluding the trailing '\0'. If no buffer is allocated, this field is 0. If an external Buffer not managed by this class is used, then the size of that buffer is stored as a negative value. Method Capacity therefore returns the absolute value of this field.

Definition at line 299 of file astring.hpp.

◆ dbgWarnWhenExternalBufferIsReplaced

template<typename TChar >

bool dbgWarnWhenExternalBufferIsReplaced = true

protected

If true, a warning is issued when an external buffer, whose life-cycle is not controlled by this instance gets replaced. This field exists only with debug-compilations of this class.

See also: See method DbgDisableBufferReplacementWarning for more information.

Definition at line 340 of file astring.hpp.

◆ debugLastAllocRequest

template<typename TChar >

integer debugLastAllocRequest =0

protected

Used to check if previous grow request was exactly what is now the length.
This field is available only if code selection symbol ALIB_DEBUG_STRINGS is set.

Definition at line 311 of file astring.hpp.

Constructor(s) / Destructor Details::

◆ TAString() [1/5]

template<typename TChar >

constexpr TAString	(	TChar *	extBuffer,
		integer	extBufferSize )

inlineexplicitconstexprprotected

Constructs an AString with the given external buffer. The given buffer's life-cycle is considered to be managed externally.
This constructor is protected and provided for derived classes that dispose about their own buffer.

Note

Protected access was given to this method also to avoid misunderstandings that this constructor is not for providing copyable string data. If the functionality of this constructor is needed, it can simply be imitated by

default construction and
immediate invocation of SetBuffer(TChar*, integer, integer, lang::Responsibility).

Parameters

extBuffer	The external buffer to use.
extBufferSize	The capacity of the given buffer.

Definition at line 376 of file astring.hpp.

◆ TAString() [2/5]

template<typename TChar >

constexpr TAString ( )

inlineexplicitconstexpr

Constructs an empty, nulled AString (does not allocate a buffer).

Definition at line 393 of file astring.hpp.

◆ TAString() [3/5]

template<typename TChar >

TAString ( const TAString< TChar > & copy )

inlineexplicit

Copy constructor that allocates memory and copies the contents of the given object.

Parameters

copy	The object to copy.

Definition at line 403 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ TAString() [4/5]

template<typename TChar >

TAString ( TAString< TChar > && move )

inlinenoexcept

Move constructor. See Copy/Move Constructor and Assignment for details.

Parameters

move	The object to move.

Definition at line 417 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ TAString() [5/5]

template<typename TChar >

template<class TAppendable >

TAString ( const TAppendable & src )

inlineexplicit

Constructs the object and uses Append to create a string representation of the given object.

Template Parameters

TAppendable The type of parameter source that has a specialization of functor T_Append .

Parameters

src	The source object to append to this string.

Definition at line 460 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ ~TAString()

template<typename TChar >

~TAString ( )

inlinenoexcept

Destructs an AString object. An internally allocated buffer will be deleted.

Definition at line 470 of file astring.hpp.

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Method Details:

◆ _() [1/3]

template<typename TChar >

TAString & _ ( )

inline

Sets the length of the string to zero. Same as method Reset. Provided for compatibility with C# and Java versions of ALib .

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1345 of file astring.hpp.

◆ _() [2/3]

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true, class TAppendable >

TAString & _ ( const TAppendable & src )

inline

Alias to method Append(const TAppendable&).
Provided for compatibility with C# and Java versions of ALib .

Template Parameters

TCheck	Defaults to `true` which is the normal invocation mode. If `<false>` is added to the method name, checks are omitted.
TAppendable	The type of parameter source .

Parameters

src	The source object to append a string representation for.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1285 of file astring.hpp.

◆ _() [3/3]

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true>

TAString & _	(	const TString< TChar > &	src,
		integer	regionStart,
		integer	regionLength = MAX_LEN )

inline

Alias method of Append(const TString<TChar>&, integer, integer).
Provided for compatibility with C# and Java versions of ALib .

Template Parameters

TCheck Chooses checking or non-checking implementation. Defaults to true.

Parameters

src	The String to append.
regionStart	The start of the region in src to append.
regionLength	The maximum length of the region in src to append. Defaults to MAX_LEN

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1056 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ Append() [1/4]

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true, typename TAppendable >

TAString & Append ( const TAppendable & src )

inline

Templated method that accepts references and pointers to objects of "appendable types". The latter are types that a specialization of functor T_Append exists for and with that have a corresponding method to create a string representation of a source object.
In addition arbitrary string types, hence types that a specialization of TMP struct T_CharArray or T_ZTCharArray exists for, are accepted.
Finally, single characters of different width are may be passed to this method.

The method has aliases with operator<<(const TAppendable&) and method _(const TAppendable&). The latter is provided for compatibility with C# and Java versions of ALib .

See also: See chapter 5.1 Appending Custom Types of this module's Programmer's Manual for more information.

Template Parameters

TCheck	Defaults to `true` which is the normal invocation mode. If `<false>` is added to the method name, checks are omitted. The type of checks omitted depend on the type of TAppendable . In case of provision of pointers, no check for `nullptr` are made.
TAppendable	The type of parameter source .

Parameters

src	The source of type TAppendable to append.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1262 of file astring.hpp.

◆ Append() [2/4]

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true>

TAString & Append	(	const TChar *	src,
		integer	srcLength )

inline

Appends an array of the same character type.

Template Parameters

TCheck Defaults to true which is the normal invocation mode. If <false>, no nullptr check is done on parameter src . Also, this object would not loose a nulled state when the given cstring portion is empty.

Parameters

src	A pointer to the start of the array to append.
srcLength	The length of the string.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 961 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ Append() [3/4]

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true, typename TCharSrc >

TAString & Append	(	const TCharSrc *	src,
		integer	srcLength )

Appends an incompatible character array.

Template Parameters

TCharSrc	The character type of the given array.
TCheck	Defaults to `true` which is the normal invocation mode. If `<false>`, no nullptr check is done on parameter src . Also, this object would not loose a nulled state when the given cstring portion is empty.

Parameters

src	A pointer to the start of the array to append.
srcLength	The length of the string.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

◆ Append() [4/4]

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true>

TAString & Append	(	const TString< TChar > &	src,
		integer	regionStart,
		integer	regionLength = MAX_LEN )

inline

Appends a region of another String . The checking version adjusts the given region to the bounds of the source string.

Note: When using the non-checking version, parameter regionLength must be set explicitly to the correct value (instead of using the default value).

Template Parameters

TCheck Chooses checking or non-checking implementation. Defaults to true.

Parameters

src	The String to append.
regionStart	The start of the region in src to append.
regionLength	The maximum length of the region in src to append. Defaults to MAX_LEN

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1012 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ begin()

template<typename TChar >

ALIB_WARNINGS_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFER_USAGE Iterator begin ( )

inline

Returns an iterator pointing to a constant character at the start of this string.

Returns: The start of this string.

Definition at line 1946 of file astring.hpp.

◆ Capacity()

template<typename TChar >

integer Capacity ( ) const

inline

The size of the internal buffer (this is excluding the trailing '\0'character) which is reserved to terminate the string if needed. In other words, the internal memory available is the size returned here plus one.

Returns: The size of the allocated buffer.

Definition at line 710 of file astring.hpp.

◆ dbgCheck()

template<typename TChar >

void dbgCheck ( ) const

Checks this object's state. This method is internally invoked with almost every other method of this class, but only if compiler symbol ALIB_DEBUG_STRINGS is true.
Invocations to this method should be performed using macro ALIB_STRING_DBG_CHK.

See also: For (a little) more information see 6.4 Debugging Strings of this module's Programmer's Manual

◆ DbgDisableBufferReplacementWarning()

template<typename TChar >

void DbgDisableBufferReplacementWarning ( )

inline

Used to disable warnings that are by default raised in debug-compilations of method SetBuffer.

Note: In release-compilations this inline method is empty and will be optimized out.

See also: See method SetBuffer for more information.

Definition at line 353 of file astring.hpp.

◆ Delete()

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true>

TAString & Delete	(	integer	regionStart,
		integer	regionLength = MAX_LEN )

inline

Removes a region from the string by moving the remaining string behind the region to the region start and adjusting the string's length.

A range check is performed and the region is cut to fit to the string. The non-checking version (TCheck = false) omits the check, but still allows to leave parameter regionLength as default (respectively allows the sum of parameters regionStart and regionLength to be longer than the length of this AString). In this case, this string is cut starting from index regionStart .

Note: See also methods Reset, DeleteStart and DeleteEnd.

Template Parameters

TCheck Defaults to true which is the normal invocation mode. If <false> is added to the method name, the start of the region is not adjusted to the string's bounds.

Parameters

regionStart	The start of the region to delete.
regionLength	The length of the region to delete. Defaults to MAX_LEN.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1490 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ DeleteEnd()

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true>

TAString & DeleteEnd ( integer regionLength )

inline

Reduces the length of the string by the given number of characters.

Template Parameters

TCheck Defaults to true which is the normal invocation mode. If <false> is added to the method name, no parameter checks are performed and any given value is just subtracted from the current length.

Parameters

regionLength The length of the region at the end to delete.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1589 of file astring.hpp.

◆ DeleteStart()

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true>

TAString & DeleteStart ( integer regionLength )

inline

Deletes the given number of characters from the start of the string by moving the rest of the string to the start and adjusting the string's length.

Template Parameters

TCheck Defaults to true which is the normal invocation mode. If <false> is added to the method name, no parameter checks are performed.

Parameters

regionLength The length of the region at the start to delete.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1547 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ DetectLength()

template<typename TChar >

void DetectLength ( )

inline

Searches termination character '\0' and sets the corresponding length of the string. In debug-compilations, the detected length is smaller or equal to the buffer's capacity.

This method may be used in the (seldom) situation, where the strings's buffer is exposed to other libraries (for example many operating system calls), which internally fill a given character buffer, but do not return it's length.

Definition at line 880 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ end()

template<typename TChar >

Iterator end ( )

inline

Returns an iterator pointing behind this string.

Returns: The end of this string.

Definition at line 1950 of file astring.hpp.

◆ EnsureRemainingCapacity()

template<typename TChar >

void EnsureRemainingCapacity ( integer spaceNeeded )

inline

Ensures that the capacity of the internal buffer meets or exceeds the actual length plus the given growth value.

Parameters

spaceNeeded The desired growth of the length of the string represented by this.

Definition at line 680 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ GrowBufferAtLeastBy()

template<typename TChar >

void GrowBufferAtLeastBy ( integer minimumGrowth )

Increases the allocation size by either 50% of the current capacity or by the value provided, whichever is higher.

Parameters

minimumGrowth The desired minimum growth of length.

Definition at line 74 of file astring.cpp.

◆ HasInternalBuffer()

template<typename TChar >

bool HasInternalBuffer ( ) const

inline

Returns true, if the buffer was allocated by this class itself. If the buffer was set using SetBuffer(TChar*,integer,integer,lang::Responsibility) with parameter responsibility given as Responsibility::KeepWithSender (and not automatically replaced, yet, because it became too small) then false is returned.

Note: Derived class LocalString will report false here. This sounds wrong on the first sight, as the buffer is allocated by an 'internal' member. But from an AString's perspective, class LocalString works on an 'external' buffer.

Returns: true if the buffer is internally allocated and will be deleted with the deletion of this object. False otherwise.

Definition at line 730 of file astring.hpp.

◆ InsertAt()

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true>

TAString & InsertAt	(	const TString< TChar > &	src,
		integer	pos )

inline

Inserts the given string at given position. If the position is not between 0 and the length of the target, nothing is inserted.

Note: To insert a string with replacing a different one at the same time, use ReplaceSubstring(src, pos, regionLength).

Template Parameters

TCheck Chooses checking or non-checking implementation. Defaults to true.

Parameters

src	The String to insert.
pos	The position to insert src .

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1366 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ InsertChars() [1/2]

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true>

TAString & InsertChars	(	TChar	c,
		integer	qty )

inline

Appends the given character c qty -times. The non-checking version does not check parameter qty to be greater than zero.

Template Parameters

TCheck Defaults to true, which chooses the checking version of the method.

Parameters

c	The character to insert qty times.
qty	The quantity of characters to insert.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1405 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ InsertChars() [2/2]

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true>

TAString & InsertChars	(	TChar	c,
		integer	qty,
		integer	pos )

inline

Inserts the given character c qty -times at a given position. If the given position is out of range, nothing is inserted.

The non-checking version does not check the position to be in a valid range and the qty to be greater than zero.

Template Parameters

TCheck Defaults to true, which chooses the checking version of the method.

Parameters

c	The character to insert qty times.
qty	The quantity of characters to insert.
pos	The index in this object where c is inserted qty times.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1438 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ NewLine()

template<typename TChar >

TAString & NewLine ( )

inline

Appends platform specific new line character(s) by appending literal string NewLine.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1066 of file astring.hpp.

◆ operator TCharArray() [1/2]

template<typename TChar >

template<typename TCharArray >

operator TCharArray ( ) const

inline

Implicit cast operator to objects of type TCharArray .
This operator is available for all custom types that have an accordingly specialized version of TMP struct T_CharArray and/or T_ZTCharArray defined. In the latter case, method Terminate is invoked prior to the conversion.

The cast is applicable only if no specialization of TMP struct T_SuppressAutoCast auto casts exists, that suppresses implicit casts.

More information about casting ALib string types to other types is provided with chapter 3.2 Casting Strings To Other Types this module's Programmer's Manual.

Template Parameters

TCharArray The custom type to implicitly convert this object to.

Returns: A value of custom string type.

◆ operator TCharArray() [2/2]

template<typename TChar >

template<typename TCharArray >

operator TCharArray ( ) const

inlineexplicit

Explicit cast operator to objects of type TCharArray .
This operator is available for all custom types that have an accordingly specialized version of TMP struct T_CharArray and/or T_ZTCharArray defined. In the latter case, method Terminate is invoked prior to the conversion.

The cast is applicable only if no specialization of TMP struct T_SuppressAutoCast auto casts exists, that suppresses explicit casts.

More information about casting ALib string types to other types is provided with chapter 3.2 Casting Strings To Other Types this module's Programmer's Manual.

Template Parameters

TCharArray The custom type to explicitly convert this object to.

Returns: A value of custom string type.

◆ operator<<()

template<typename TChar >

template<class TAppendable >

TAString & operator<< ( const TAppendable & src )

inline

Alias operator invoking Append<true>(const TAppendable&).

Template Parameters

TAppendable The type of parameter source .

Parameters

src	The object of type T to append.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1298 of file astring.hpp.

◆ operator=()

template<typename TChar >

TAString & operator= ( const TAString< TChar > & copy )

inline

Copy assign operator. If the given other AString is nulled, this object becomes nulled. Otherwise, this string is cleared and the given other string is appended.

See also: For details why no other assignment operators exists for this class, note paragraph Copy/Move Constructor and Assignment of this class's reference documentation.

Parameters

copy	The object to copy the contents from.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 576 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ operator[]()

template<typename TChar >

TChar & operator[] ( integer idx )

inline

Provides read/write access to single characters. Overrides String::operator[] returning a reference to a TChar value, which allows to change the character stored.

Attention: No parameter check is performed (other than an assertions in debug-compilation of ALib ). See String::operator[] for details.

Parameters

idx	The index of the character within this object's buffer.

Returns: If the character contained (or, if lvalue the one to set).

Definition at line 835 of file astring.hpp.

◆ rbegin()

template<typename TChar >

ALIB_WARNINGS_RESTORE ReverseIterator rbegin ( )

inline

Returns a reverse iterator pointing to a constant character at the end of this string.

Returns: The last character of this string.

Definition at line 1956 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ rend()

template<typename TChar >

ReverseIterator rend ( )

inline

Returns a reverse iterator pointing before the start of this string.

Returns: The character before this string.

Definition at line 1960 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ ReplaceRegion()

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true>

TAString & ReplaceRegion	(	TChar	c,
		integer	regionStart,
		integer	regionLength )

inline

Replaces a region in the string with the given character. The given region is adjusted to this string's bounds. If the adjusted region is empty, nothing is done.

The non-checking version does not adjust the region.

Template Parameters

TCheck Chooses checking or non-checking implementation. Defaults to true.

Parameters

regionStart	The start of the region
regionLength	The length of the region
c	The character to set in the region.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1763 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ ReplaceSubstring()

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true>

TAString & ReplaceSubstring	(	const TString< TChar > &	src,
		integer	regionStart,
		integer	regionLength )

inline

Replaces a region in this object by a given string. The given region is adjusted to this string's bounds.

The non-checking version does not adjust the region and raises an assertion in debug-compilations if the given region is out of bounds.

Template Parameters

TCheck Chooses checking or non-checking implementation. Defaults to true.

Parameters

src	The replacement string.
regionStart	The start of the region.
regionLength	The length of the region.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1708 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ Reset() [1/2]

template<typename TChar >

TAString & Reset ( )

inline

Sets the length of this string to zero. A nulled object remains nulled.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1312 of file astring.hpp.

◆ Reset() [2/2]

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true, typename TAppendable >

TAString & Reset ( const TAppendable & src )

inline

Sets the length of the string to zero and then invokes Append(const TAppendable&).

Template Parameters

TCheck	Defaults to `true` which is the normal invocation mode. The value is used with the invocation of method Append.
TAppendable	The type of parameter source .

Parameters

src	The source of type TAppendable to append.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1330 of file astring.hpp.

◆ Reverse()

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true>

TAString & Reverse	(	integer	regionStart = 0,
		integer	regionLength = MAX_LEN )

inline

Reverses the order of the characters of this string (or a region hereof).

Parameters

regionStart	Start of the region to be reversed. Defaults to 0
regionLength	Length of the region to be reversed. Defaults to MAX_LEN.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1899 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ SearchAndReplace() [1/2]

template<typename TChar >

integer SearchAndReplace	(	const TString< TChar > &	needle,
		const TString< TChar > &	replacement,
		integer	startIdx = 0,
		integer	maxReplacements = MAX_LEN,
		lang::Case	sensitivity = lang::Case::Sensitive )

Replaces up to maxReplacements occurrences of string needle found at or behind position startIdx by string replacement .

Parameters

needle	The string to be searched and replaced.
replacement	The replacement string.
startIdx	The index where the search starts. Optional and defaults 0.
maxReplacements	The maximum number of replacements to perform. Optional and defaults to MAX_LEN.
sensitivity	Case sensitivity of the comparison. Optional and defaults to Case::Sensitive.

Returns: The number of replacements that where performed.

Definition at line 357 of file astring.cpp.

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◆ SearchAndReplace() [2/2]

template<typename TChar >

integer SearchAndReplace	(	TChar	needle,
		TChar	replacement,
		integer	startIdx = 0 )

Replaces all occurrences of character needle found at or behind position startIdx by character replacement .

Parameters

needle	The character to search.
replacement	The replacement character.
startIdx	The index where the search starts. Optional and defaults `0`.

Returns: The number of replacements that where performed.

Definition at line 330 of file astring.cpp.

◆ SetBuffer() [1/2]

template<typename TChar >

void SetBuffer ( integer newCapacity )

Resizes the buffer to meet exactly the given size.

The following rules apply:

The string represented by this instance is copied to the new buffer. If this is larger than the new buffer size, the string is cut at the end to fit.
If the desired new size is 0, then the currently allocated buffer will be disposed and the object's state is nulled.
If the current buffer's life-cycle is managed externally (e.g. was set using SetBuffer(TChar*,integer,integer,lang::Responsibility) with parameter responsibility being Responsibility::KeepWithSender), this method will replace the buffer by a new one, even if the new requested size is the same as the external buffer's size. In other words, the only case when this method does not replace the current buffer is when the current buffer's life-cycle is (already) internally managed and it has the same size than what is requested.
In this C++ version of ALib , the true allocation size is one character larger than what is given with parameter newCapacity . This allows method Terminate to add a termination character without checking (and eventually reallocating and copying) an internally managed buffer.

Any method of this class that extends the length of the string will directly or indirectly invoke this method, when the current buffer size is not sufficient. If a future string length, which is the result of more than one concatenation of data to an AString is predictable, then it is advisable to reserve the allocated size prior to performing the planned concatenations, by invoking this method. This is to avoid unnecessary allocations and data copy operations.

If an external buffer is set, in debug-compilations a warning is issued, because usually it is not wanted that an external buffer becomes replaced during the growth of a string.
Such warnings can be switched off using method DbgDisableBufferReplacementWarning. For example, in some situation it might be taken into account that instances of derived type LocalString sometimes may grow more than average and in such case a heap-allocated buffer replaces a local one. By placing a call to method DbgDisableBufferReplacementWarning, the code explicitly hints to that possibility and is well readable. In release-compilations no warnings are issued and method DbgDisableBufferReplacementWarning is optimized out.

Parameters

newCapacity The new capacity of the internal buffer.

Definition at line 107 of file astring.cpp.

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◆ SetBuffer() [2/2]

template<typename TChar >

void SetBuffer	(	TChar *	extBuffer,
		integer	extBufferSize,
		integer	extLength = 0,
		lang::Responsibility	responsibility = lang::Responsibility::KeepWithSender )

This methods replaces the current buffer with the one provided.

The following rules apply:

If a nullptr is provided still, the current buffer is released.
If provided buffer is not nullptr, its size provided with parameter extBufferSize has to be at least 1 for providing the space for a termination character.
After the operation, Capacity will report extBufferSize - 1.
Optional parameter responsibility can be used to pass the responsibility for the deletion of the buffer to this object.
The length of the content provided with parameter extLength must not exceed the value of parameter extBufferSize -1.
In no event any data of an existing buffer is copied into the new one. The rationale here is that in most use cases, this is not needed. Should this be desired, then the contents has to be copied "manually" prior to invoking this method.

The internal buffer allocation is performed with methods std::malloc, std::realloc and std::free. The latter two are also used on external buffers that are provided with this method if parameter responsibility is given as Responsibility::Transfer, because in this case such externally created buffer is considered an internal one. Consequently, it has to be assured that the given chunk of memory is "compatible" with these methods.

Parameters

extBuffer	The external buffer to use.
extBufferSize	The size of the given buffer.
extLength	The length of any content located in the given buffer that should be used. Has to be smaller or equal to extBufferSize -1 to preserve space for a trailing '\0'.
responsibility	If `Responsibility::Transfer`, the given buffer will be deleted by this object when a new buffer is set or it is deleted itself. Defaults to `Responsibility::KeepWithSender` which denotes that the life-cycle of the given external buffer is managed elsewhere.

Definition at line 225 of file astring.cpp.

◆ SetCharAt()

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true>

void SetCharAt	(	integer	idx,
		TChar	c )

inline

Sets the character at the given index. A range check is performed. If this fails, nothing is done.

Note: The C++ language would allow to declare this method const, as it does not manipulate the data of the class itself but a character in the buffer pointer.
In exclamation cases, to manipulate the contents of const AString, use method VBuffer() like in the following sample:
const AString myAString( "Hello" );

// this would not compile because AString::SetCharAt() is not declared const....

//myAString.SetCharAt( 1, 'e' );

// ...but method VBuffer() is declared const.

myAString.VBuffer()[1]= 'e';

Template Parameters

TCheck Performs a range check on the given index and a check for illegal setting of termination character '\0' anywhere else but at idx==length.

Parameters

idx	The index of the character to write.
c	The character to write.

Definition at line 803 of file astring.hpp.

◆ SetLength()

template<typename TChar >

void SetLength ( integer newLength )

inline

Sets a new length for this string.

In debug-compilations, given newLength is checked to be positive and smaller or equal to the buffer's capacity.

In the (frequent) situation that the given length is shorter (or equal) to the current length, for better readability, the use of method ShortenTo instead of this method is recommended. Extending the length of the string should be done only in rare cases, when the string buffer was modified "externally" after retrieving it using VBuffer.

Parameters

newLength The new length of the AString. Must be between 0 and Capacity.

Definition at line 861 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ SetNull()

template<typename TChar >

void SetNull ( )

inline

Invokes SetBuffer(0).

Definition at line 738 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ ShortenTo()

template<typename TChar >

TAString & ShortenTo ( integer newLength )

inline

Sets the length of the string to a shorter (or equal) value.

In release-compilations, this method has the same simple inline implementation as SetLength, it just sets the internal field length to the given value. The reason for the method's existence is primarily readability of the code: The name expresses that the given newLength is shorter than the current length.

In debug-compilations, an assertion is raised if the length provided is longer than the current length. An equal value is accepted.

In situations when it is sure that a new length is equal or shorter to the existing one, the use of this method is recommended over the use of SetLength. This is especially true for the frequent use case where a "base string" should be restored after one or more concatenations had been performed.

Parameters

newLength The new length of this AString. Must be between 0 and the current length.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 908 of file astring.hpp.

◆ Terminate()

template<typename TChar >

const TChar * Terminate ( ) const

inline

Writes a zero-termination character '\0' to the end of the used part of the internal string buffer and returns the pointer to the start. In other words, this function returns the represented string as a "cstring".

One implementation detail of this class is that it always ensures that the internal buffer's capacity is sufficient for a termination character. This way, using this method will not reallocate the string and the method can be invoked on constant objects.

The explicit invocation of this method can often be omitted, due to the availability of the definition of an implicit cast operator to const TChar, which inlines a call to this method.

Returns: The pointer to the zero-terminated character buffer.

Definition at line 758 of file astring.hpp.

◆ ToLower()

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true>

TAString & ToLower	(	integer	regionStart = 0,
		integer	regionLength = MAX_LEN )

inline

Converts all or a region of characters in the Buffer to lower case.

Parameters

regionStart	Start of the region to be converted. Defaults to 0
regionLength	Length of the region to be converted. Defaults to MAX_LEN.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1866 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ ToUpper()

template<typename TChar >

template<bool TCheck = true>

TAString & ToUpper	(	integer	regionStart = 0,
		integer	regionLength = MAX_LEN )

inline

Converts all or a region of characters in the Buffer to upper case.

Parameters

regionStart	Start of the region to be converted. Defaults to 0
regionLength	Length of the region to be converted. Defaults to MAX_LEN.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1832 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ Trim()

template<typename TChar >

TAString< TChar > & Trim ( const TCString< TChar > & trimChars = TT_StringConstants<TChar>::DefaultWhitespaces() )

All characters defined in given set are removed at the beginning and at the end of this string.

See also: Method TrimAt to remove whitespaces at arbitrary places in the string.

Parameters

trimChars Pointer to a zero terminated set of characters to be omitted. Defaults to DefaultWhitespaces.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 306 of file astring.cpp.

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◆ TrimAt()

template<typename TChar >

integer TrimAt	(	integer	idx,
		const TCString< TChar > &	trimChars = TT_StringConstants<TChar>::DefaultWhitespaces() )

All characters defined in given set at, left of and right of the given index are removed from the string.
The method returns index of the first character of those characters that were behind the trimmed region. With legal idx given, this value can only be smaller or equal to idx . If idx is out of bounds, the length of the string is returned.

Parameters

idx	The index to perform the trim operation at. Has to be between zero and Length() -1.
trimChars	Pointer to a zero terminated set of characters to be omitted. Defaults to DefaultWhitespaces.

Returns: The index of the first character of those characters that were behind the trimmed region.

Definition at line 283 of file astring.cpp.

◆ TrimEnd()

template<typename TChar >

TAString & TrimEnd ( const TCString< TChar > & trimChars = TT_StringConstants<TChar>::DefaultWhitespaces() )

inline

All characters defined in given set are removed at the end of this string.

See also: Method TrimAt to remove whitespaces at arbitrary places in the string.

Parameters

trimChars Pointer to a zero terminated set of characters to be omitted. Defaults to DefaultWhitespaces.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1679 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ TrimStart()

template<typename TChar >

TAString & TrimStart ( const TCString< TChar > & trimChars = TT_StringConstants<TChar>::DefaultWhitespaces() )

inline

All characters defined in given set are removed at the beginning of this string.

See also: Method TrimAt to remove whitespaces at arbitrary places in the string.

Parameters

trimChars Pointer to a zero terminated set of characters to be omitted. Defaults to DefaultWhitespaces.

Returns: *this to allow concatenated calls.

Definition at line 1655 of file astring.hpp.

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◆ VBuffer()

template<typename TChar >

TChar * VBuffer ( ) const

inline

The internal buffer character array provided as non constant character pointer.

See also: Chapter Write Access to the Buffer of the reference documentation of this class.

Returns: The internal buffer array.

Definition at line 780 of file astring.hpp.

The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:

Description:

Public Method Index:

Additional Inherited Members

Type Definition Details:

◆ Iterator

◆ ReverseIterator

Field Details:

◆ capacity

◆ dbgWarnWhenExternalBufferIsReplaced

◆ debugLastAllocRequest

Constructor(s) / Destructor Details::

◆ TAString() [1/5]

◆ TAString() [2/5]

◆ TAString() [3/5]

◆ TAString() [4/5]

◆ TAString() [5/5]

◆ ~TAString()

Method Details:

◆ _() [1/3]

◆ _() [2/3]

◆ _() [3/3]

◆ Append() [1/4]

◆ Append() [2/4]

◆ Append() [3/4]

◆ Append() [4/4]

◆ begin()

◆ Capacity()

◆ dbgCheck()

◆ DbgDisableBufferReplacementWarning()

◆ Delete()

◆ DeleteEnd()

◆ DeleteStart()

◆ DetectLength()

◆ end()

◆ EnsureRemainingCapacity()

◆ GrowBufferAtLeastBy()

◆ HasInternalBuffer()

◆ InsertAt()

◆ InsertChars() [1/2]

◆ InsertChars() [2/2]

◆ NewLine()

◆ operator TCharArray() [1/2]

◆ operator TCharArray() [2/2]

◆ operator<<()

◆ operator=()

◆ operator[]()

◆ rbegin()

◆ rend()

◆ ReplaceRegion()

◆ ReplaceSubstring()

◆ Reset() [1/2]

◆ Reset() [2/2]

◆ Reverse()

◆ SearchAndReplace() [1/2]

◆ SearchAndReplace() [2/2]

◆ SetBuffer() [1/2]

◆ SetBuffer() [2/2]

◆ SetCharAt()

◆ SetLength()

◆ SetNull()

◆ ShortenTo()

◆ Terminate()

◆ ToLower()

◆ ToUpper()

◆ Trim()

◆ TrimAt()

◆ TrimEnd()

◆ TrimStart()

◆ VBuffer()